Tarantula Species List With Pictures Pdf [2021] Download

In addition, we found that the community structure of ground-dwelling spiders is different between forests. Ground-dwelling spiders of European spruce forests are in general more diverse than those of Scots pine forests; however, this pattern is less obvious in the case of vegetation-dwellers. Within hummocks, spiders of both forests were more diverse than on the ground level. In addition, hummock communities of European spruce forests were dominated by the generalist species; however, hummock communities of Scots pine forests were dominated by habitat specialist species. Ground-dwelling species in European spruce forests preferred the hummocks, presumably due to the presence of decaying woody material and water. The presence of shallow water may attract aquatic species or spiders that hunt on the water surface (e.g. on floating moss). The lower pH of European spruce forests may reduce the potential suitability of the habitat for some spiders. Scots pine forests are acidic and more prone to acidification than European spruce forests.

The slow rate of soil degradation in spruce forests of the Carpathians is evidenced by the slow rate of the decline of peat bog area. This situation contrasts with the northern hemisphere, where many peat bogs are lost due to drainage and more acidic conditions (e.g. Hünemörder 2015). In the case of spruce forests of the Carpathians, the peat bog surface area has maintained a relatively stable level, but the rate of water draining and acidification is still high (Besen et al. 2017; Mureşan et al. 2017; Schmiedler 2016; Vanderschuren et al. 2017). Temperature is one of the main factors affecting the distribution of spiders (e.g. Bornscheuer and Grunert 2009; Kosuli et al. 2018). Our results suggest that a species-specific response to changes in microhabitat and temperature may increase the rate of population change, so that microhabitat distribution and temperature may affect the range of species and will affect the ability of the species to adapt to climate change (Peterson and Jetz 2007; López-Pujol et al. 2011).

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